How your children adjust is directly related to how you as the parent are adjusting to the divorce.
Nevertheless, the way the family operates can be quite different according to the age, gender, and
number of children in the family. Many of the children will react differently according to the support
they get from their parents, how much tension there is in the family structure, and how the
visitation is affecting the children. The age at onset of the divorce can also be a factor when dealing
with how the children will react to divorce. At different ages, children react differently:
Children & Divorce: The Different Age Stages: Birth to 18 Months (Infancy):
Trust/Physical Needs
One of the most important developmental stages that people go through in life is the developmental
stage known as trust. This is one of the first things infants begin to learn. It is very important
because infants are dependent on their parents, and the dependency continues to strengthen
throughout the parent-child relationship.
These bonds need to be formed in order for the children to feel a sense of physical comfort and to
minimize fear about the future. The amount of time spent with the children determines the formation
of bonds. It is not a given that a child will develop these very important trusting bonds with the
parents, but it is very critical that the parents actively pursue establishing these bonds in order for
their children to properly develop emotionally as they mature.
Tension in the Home
Children at this age are able to detect that there is some tension, but they cannot understand the
reasoning behind the conflict. If tension continues the child may appear to be nervous, especially
around new people. Children may become edgy and will exhibit emotional outbursts frequently.
They may show some delays in many types of development.
It is recommended that if a child is exposed to frequent tension, the parent should spend some
time holding the child. The child needs to know that things aren't bad. If the symptoms worsen then
it is time for the parent to consult a doctor.
Possible Reactions:
Uneasy stomach
Irregular eating habits
Loss of appetite
Remedy Ideas for Parents:
Maintain a normal routine
Rely on friends and family for help
Provide the child with his or her favorite toys or security items
Make sure you get your rest, so you are alert when he or she is awake
Children & Divorce: The Different Age Stages: 18 Months/ 3 Years (Toddlers):
Individual Personality
This is the age when children are starting to develop their own individual personalities. They realize
that they are separate entities from their parents. At this age children are also very talkative, and
they are very interested in environment exploration. Independence is being recognized.
Tension in the Home
At this age their main bond is with their parents. Change in the environment at this age can be very
difficult for a child; they need predictability and a stable environment. Children want immediate
needs met, even if there is tension at home. The child's world is centered around themselves, so
they will not totally concern themselves with the tension that is going on in the home.
Divorce at this age can be very difficult for the child, but it is possible for parents to overcome this
difficult task if they work together. They need to develop a routine that the child can follow with little
resistance. If the divorce occurs at this age, the parent must be aware that the child may feel
responsible for the break up. Parents must talk about it with the child.
Possible Reactions:
An increase in crying
Wanting more attention than usual
May discover anger and not understand it
Difficulties sleeping
Irregular habits forming
Remedy Ideas for Parents:
Have a normal routine
Be very nurturing, extra attention
Spend quality time with the child
Do not show tenseness with actions
Look to friends and relatives to spend some time with the child
Children & Divorce: The Different Age Stages: 3/5 years
(Preschoolers):
Cognitive Development
Children at this age are beginning to know and explore a great deal of their environment. They are
learning an enormous amount of new words and their level of thinking is becoming more complex.
They believe that they are in total control of their environment, which can pose a problem for
parents who want a divorce. The child may feel as though they are responsible for the divorce and if
this is the case, they feel no power in controlling the outcome.
How To Handle It
Preschoolers don't understand the whole concept of divorce, nor do they want to see their parents
separate. No matter how extreme the tension is in the home, the child will ultimately feel
responsible for the separation. Remember, it is important for the parents to handle the divorce in an
open manner. If the child sees that the parent is adjusting to the divorce positively then the children
will most likely adjust to it positively. It's important that the parent reassure with physical and verbal
affection. Children really need someone to talk to.
Possible Reactions:
Uncertain feelings about the future
Feeling a sense of responsibility
Keeping anger trapped inside
Nightmares may start
Unpleasant thoughts or ideas
Remedy Ideas for Parents:
Read books to your child
Set-up specific time for them each day
Encourage your child to talk
Ensure his or her safety
Ensure visitation with estranged spouse
Encourage visitation if it is needed
Children & Divorce: The Different Age Stages: 6/11 (Elementary School Years):
Peer Interaction
At this age children are introduced to an ever increasing amount of peer interactions, and they may
begin to become a little distant. For early elementary school children, the onset of divorce can be a
very difficult obstacle to overcome. As the children get older, hopefully they begin to realize that
their parents did not abandon them. They will only realize this if the parents are open in talking with
the children.
Certainly elementary school children feel extreme loss when a divorce occurs, but it is not
impossible for the parents to rebuild the child's sense of security. Children interact with an ever
increasing amount of new people and they may come home with controversial questions about
certain issues concerning the divorce. Typically a child's only wish at this age is for parents to
reunite, and they may attempt to accomplish this task on their own.
Problems with the Divorce
If the children grew up in a nurturing environment, it will only be normal for them to fear being
abandoned when a divorce takes place. Both parents must reassure the children that neither parent
is going to abandon them. Younger children do not understand the concept of divorce, and they
may feel that the parents are divorcing them. Parents should explain that parent separation does
not result in losing a parent.
Children are always aware of what is going on in the home, and they are generally aware that they
have no control over the divorce. Some children at this age may blame one parent for the
separation, and it is crucial for the emotional stability of the child that both parents explain to the
child that the blame is not on either parent. Parents should maintain a regular schedule because
predictability is healthy for the child. Finally, openness about the situation is very critical for the
child's emotional development.
Possible Reactions:
Believes parents are getting back together
Feels rejected by parent who left the house
Feels insecure financially and about the future
Looks back all the time to what was
Plays sick to stay home from school
Feels abandoned and alone
Remedy Ideas for Parents:
Try to get the child to open up
Share your emotions
Spend quality time with each other
Reassure safety
Reassure the family atmosphere as much as possible
Respect the child and his or her privacy
Talk about things of mutual interest other than the problems
Encourage outside school activities
Children & Divorce: The Different Age Stages: 11/18 Years (Early- Late Adolescence):
Identity of Self/Increasing Interaction With Peers
Early Adolescence: At this stage, children are becoming more abstract thinkers. They are
beginning to develop and discover their own identities. Children are now starting to move away from
the security of the home. It's not so much a time of rebellion, but a time of exploration. The focus of
their lives, no longer on the home and parents, it is now on peers. The adolescent is very aware of
what is going on in his or her parent's lives. Not only are they aware of what surrounds them, but
they also are very critical about the situation. Most of the time they will not accept divorce as an
answer.
Later Adolescence: At this time the adolescent is ready to be launched out into the environment
where they will gain total independence. Peers and school become more important than family.
However, a separation between parents would emotionally hurt the adolescent. Before they leave
for college, much of the time they spend at home is time they wish to spend alone. The later
adolescent's thinking skills are becoming more finely tuned as they are slowly becoming adult
abstract thinkers. Parents should still be there to provide their children with guidance, even though
they may not always want it.
Possible Reactions:
Feels anger and hatred
May try to take advantage of both parents
Behavior is very unpredictable
Feels alone
Tries to push the blame on one parent
Feels more mature than others
Financial worries
Remedy Ideas for Parents:
Keep up as much communication as possible
Share as many experiences as possible
Keep an eye out for the child's actions with school, etc.
Do not involve the child in parental disputes
Consider family counseling
Watch you actions regarding new relationships
Have household rules and maintain them
Outcomes of Divorce
Children may choose to not get involved at all, or they may get to the point that they are overly
involved with the separation of their parents. It is very common for an adolescent to side with one
the parent and at the same time try to terminate the relationship with the other. The parents need
to find some sort of balance between themselves and their children. The parents should discuss
with their children how they want the living arrangements to be and from there they should also
discuss how they want to handle visitation. Openness in the relationship is very important if any
child is to grow up an emotionally stable individual.